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Today, nations increasingly carry out geopolitical combat through economic means. Policies governing everything from trade and investment to energy and exchange rates are wielded as tools to win diplomatic allies, punish adversaries, and coerce those in between. Not so in the United States, however. America still too often reaches for the gun over the purse to advance its interests abroad. The result is a playing field sharply tilting against the United States.

In The Hacked World Order, Adam Segal shows how governments use the web to wage war, spy on, coerce, and damage each other. While scholars, activists, and technologists initially heralded the Internet as a space outside of state control, governments have been quick to step into this new domain—both to control activity that happens within it and to adopt it as a new tool of state power.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow Scott A. Snyder and coauthor Brad Glosserman investigate the roots of fractured relations between Japan and South Korea and their ongoing threat to the region and the world. Teaching notes by the author.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow Daniel S. Markey tells the story of the tragic and often tormented relationship between the United States and Pakistan, and explains how Washington can prepare for the worst, aim for the best, and avoid past mistakes. Teaching notes by the author.

In the wake of World War II, with Britain’s empire collapsing and Stalin’s on the rise, U.S. officials under new secretary of state George C. Marshall set out to reconstruct western Europe as a bulwark against communist authoritarianism. Their massive, costly, and ambitious undertaking would confront Europeans and Americans alike with a vision at odds with their history and self-conceptions. In the process, they would drive the creation of NATO, the European Union, and a Western identity that continues to shape world events.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow James M. Goldgeier and Michael A. McFaul trace the evolution of American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union, and later Russia—once seen as America’s greatest adversary, and now viewed by the United States as a potential partner. Teaching notes by Dr. Goldgeier.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow Edward Alden examines the complicated interplay between the United States’ need for homeland security and economic openness in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Teaching notes by the author.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow Julia E. Sweig offers a detailed analysis of the interaction between the United States and the world community—and a prescriptive framework to contain the anti-American backlash for the future. Teaching notes by the author.

In this book, CFR Adjunct Senior Fellow Rachel Bronson presents the first full history of the U.S. relationship with Saudi Arabia, revealing why the alliance was formed and what we stand to lose if it collapses. Teaching notes by the author.

In this book, CFR Senior Fellow Benn Steil and Robert E. Litan explore the efficacy of American efforts toward what they have coined "financial statecraft," or those aspects of economic statecraft directed at influencing international capital flows. Teaching notes by Dr. Steil.